This has been driving me nuts.  I’ve searched for hours.  For me, I’ve finally tracked it down to two updates in October.  KB3055034 and KB3054886.  After removing both my OneNote 2010 seems to be syncing again.  I first wrote about this for KB3055034 in this post.  But I was still having problems.  Then I found this post.  I’m not using SmartVault Drive, but since they appear to be related I removed them both.  Success!  This pic is showing the uninstallation of KB3054886.  I uninstalled it from everything.  Same for KB3055034…you’ll see it installed multiple times.  After the uninstallation, reboot.

Now I can sync from OneDrive again!

Some other background.  I have a personal OneDrive (Live) account.  I also have two OneDrive for business accounts.  I expect them all to work, but I’m finding OneDrive for business has lots of sync issues.

Some other posts I’ve looked at.  There were others.

http://meyermed.com/2014/02/fixing-the-error-onenote-needs-a-password-to-sync-this-notebook-click-here-to-enter-your-password/

https://community.spiceworks.com/topic/1236093-kb3055034-breaks-opening-office-files-directly-from-sharepoint

https://support.smartvault.com/04Support/01Knowledge_Base/KB3055034_%2F%2F_KB3054886_-_Uninstall_update_for_Office_2010_causing_Word_or_Excel_to_crash_when_opening_Word_or_Excel_files_from_the_SmartVault_Drive

http://faq.mydocsonline.com/1009/ms-office-2010-update-kb3055034-causes-authentication-error-when-opening-office-files-from-web-folders/

https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/3099951

http://superuser.com/questions/986693/excel-2010-crashes-when-opening-files-from-sharepoint-office-365